/44000, 44100, 44200 and 4430002Website1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers 1 km 2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.Nantes (, also:, French: ( );: Naunnt or Nantt;: Naoned ) is a city in on the, 50 km (31 mi) from the. The city is the, with a population of 303,382 in Nantes and a metropolitan area of nearly 950,000 inhabitants. With, a seaport on the Loire estuary, Nantes forms the main north-western French metropolis.It is the administrative seat of the and the, one of 18 regions of France. Nantes belongs historically and culturally to, a former duchy and province, and its omission from the modern administrative region of is controversial.Nantes was identified during as a port on the Loire. It was the seat of a bishopric at the end of the before it was conquered by the in 851. Although Nantes was the primary residence of the 15th-century, became the provincial capital after the 1532.
Cours d'histoire moderne. Histoire de la civilisation en France, depuis la chute de l'Empire Romain jusqu'en 1789. Histoire De France-Cours Elementaire 1919-Heath Modern Language Series. Histoire de la France Rurale 4 Vols 1340-1970 History Rural France Illustrated. On the “modernity” of nineteenth-century localities in France and Germany. See Georges Duby and Armand Wallon, eds., Histoire de la France rurale. Poisson, “Dissertation sur la nostalgie,”8; Gabriel Andral, Cours de pathologie interne.
During the 17th century, after the establishment of the, Nantes gradually became the largest port in France and was responsible for nearly half of the 18th-century French. The resulted in an economic decline, but Nantes developed robust industries after 1850 (chiefly in shipbuilding and food processing). In the second half of the 20th century spurred the city to adopt a.In 2012, the ranked Nantes as a.
It is the fourth-highest-ranking city in France, after,. The Gamma category includes cities such as,. Nantes has been praised for its, and it received the in 2013. The noted the city's efforts to reduce air pollution and CO 2 emissions, its high-quality and well-managed public transport system and its, with 3,366 hectares (8,320 acres) of green space and several protected areas. Section of the Roman city wallThe first inhabitants of what is now Nantes settled during the, later than in the surrounding regions (which have monuments absent from Nantes). Its first inhabitants were apparently attracted by small iron and deposits in the region's subsoil.
The area exported tin, mined in and, as far as. After about 1,000 years of trading, local industry appeared around 900 BC; remnants of dated to the eighth and seventh centuries BC have been found in the city. Nantes may have been the major Gaulish settlement of Corbilo, on the Loire estuary, which was mentioned by the Greek historians and.Its history from the seventh century to the Roman conquest in the first century BC is poorly documented, and there is no evidence of a city in the area before the reign of in the first century AD. During the period it was the capital of the people, who were allied with the in a territory extending to the northern bank of the Loire. Rivals in the area included the, who controlled the area south of the Loire in the city of Ratiatum (present-day ) until the end of the second century AD. Ratiatum, founded under, developed more quickly than Nantes and was a major port in the region. Nantes began to grow when Ratiatum collapsed after the.Because tradesmen favoured inland roads rather than Atlantic routes, Nantes never became a large city under Roman occupation.
Although it lacked amenities such as a or an, the city had sewers, and a temple dedicated to. After an attack by German tribes in 275, Nantes' inhabitants built a wall; this defense also became common in surrounding Gaulish towns. The wall in Nantes, enclosing 16 hectares (40 acres), was one of the largest in Gaul.was introduced during the third century. The first local were executed in 288-290, and a cathedral was built during the fourth century.
Middle Ages. Rebuilt in the beginning in the 15th centuryLike much of the region, Nantes was part of the during the early Middle Ages. Although many parts of experienced significant Breton immigration (loosening ties to Rome), Nantes remained allied with the empire until its collapse in the fifth century. Around 490, the under captured the city (alongside eastern Brittany) from the after a sixty-day siege; it was used as a stronghold against the. Under in the eighth century the town was the capital of the, a buffer zone protecting the from Breton invasion. The first governor of the Breton March was, whose feats were mythologized in the body of literature known as the. After Charlemagne's death in 814, Breton armies invaded the March and fought the Franks.
(a Breton) became the first duke of Brittany, seizing Nantes in 850. Discord marked the first decades of Breton rule in Nantes as Breton lords fought among themselves, making the city vulnerable to incursions.
The most spectacular Viking attack in Nantes occurred in 843, when Viking warriors killed the bishop but did not settle in the city at that time. Nantes became part of the Viking realm in 919, but the Norse were expelled from the town in 937 by.took hold in France during the 10th and 11th centuries, and Nantes was the seat of a founded in the ninth century. Until the beginning of the 13th century, it was the subject of succession crises which saw the town pass several times from the to the counts of (of the ). During the 14th century, Brittany experienced a which ended with the accession of the to the ducal throne.
The Montforts, seeking emancipation from the of the French kings, reinforced Breton institutions. They chose Nantes, the largest town in Brittany (with a population of over 10,000), as their main residence and made it the home of their council, their and their. Port traffic, insignificant during the, became the city's main activity. Nantes began to trade with foreign countries, exporting from, wine, fabrics and hemp (usually to the ). The 15th century is considered Nantes' first golden age.
The reign of saw many improvements to a city in dire need of repair after the wars of succession and a series of storms and fires between 1387 and 1415. Many buildings were built or rebuilt (including the cathedral and the castle), and the —the first in Brittany—was founded in 1460.
Modern era. Cours Cambronne, a terrace developed at the end of the 18th centuryThe marriage of to in 1491 began the unification of France and Brittany which was ratified by in 1532.
The union ended a long feudal conflict between France and Brittany, reasserting the king's suzerainty over the Bretons. In return for surrendering its independence, Brittany retained its privileges. Although most Breton institutions were maintained, the unification favoured (the site of ducal coronations). Rennes received most legal and administrative institutions, and Nantes kept a financial role with its Chamber of Accounts. At the end of the, the (legalising in France) was signed in the town. However, the edict did not reflect local opinion in the stronghold.
The local Protestant community did not number more than 1,000, and Nantes was one of the last places to resist the authority of Protestant-raised. The edict was signed after the capitulation of the, governor of Brittany.Coastal navigation and the export of locally produced goods (salt, wine and fabrics) dominated the local economy around 1600.
During the mid-17th century, the of local and a fall in wine exports compelled Nantes to find other activities. Local shipowners began importing sugar from the French West Indies (, and ) in the 1640s, which became very profitable after reforms implemented by prevented the import of sugar from Spanish colonies (which had dominated the market).
In 1664 Nantes was France's eighth-largest port, and it was the largest by 1700. Plantations in the colonies needed labour to produce sugar, rum, tobacco, indigo dye, coffee and cocoa, and Nantes shipowners began trading in 1706. The port was part of the: ships went to to buy slaves, slaves were sold in the French West Indies, and the ships returned to Nantes with sugar and other exotic goods. From 1707 to 1793, Nantes was responsible for 42 percent of the French slave trade; its merchants sold about 450,000 African slaves in the West Indies.Manufactured goods were more lucrative than raw materials during the 18th century. There were about fifteen sugar refineries in the city around 1750 and nine in 1786. Nantes and its surrounding area were the main producers of French printed cotton fabric during the 18th century, and the was the city's largest client for exotic goods. Although trade brought wealth to Nantes, the city was confined by its walls; their removal during the 18th century allowed it to expand.
Squares and public buildings were constructed, and wealthy merchants built sumptuous. French Revolution. Central Nantes in the first half of the 20th century. Waterways filled in from 1926 to 1946 are in brown, and buildings destroyed by American air raids in 1943 are in red.At the beginning of the 20th century, the river channels flowing through Nantes were increasingly perceived as hampering the city's comfort and economic development. Sand siltation required dredging, which weakened the quays; one quay collapsed in 1924. Embankments were overcrowded with railways, roads and tramways.
Between 1926 and 1946, most of the channels were filled in and their water diverted. Large thoroughfares replaced the channels, altering the urban landscape. Feydeau and Gloriette Islands in the old town were attached to the north bank, and the other islands in the Loire were formed into the.When the was almost complete, Nantes was shaken by the air raids of the. The city was captured by on 18 June 1940, during the. Forty-eight civilians were executed in Nantes in 1941 in retaliation for the assassination of German officer.
They are remembered as 'the 50 hostages' because the Germans initially planned to kill 50 people. British bombs first hit the city in August 1941 and May 1942. The main attacks occurred on 16 and 23 September 1943, when most of Nantes' industrial facilities and portions of the city centre and its surrounding area were destroyed by American bombs. About 20,000 people were left homeless by the 1943 raids, and 70,000 subsequently left the city. Allied raids killed 1,732 people and destroyed 2,000 buildings in Nantes, leaving a further 6,000 buildings unusable. The Germans abandoned the city on 12 August 1944, and it was recaptured without a fight by the and the U.S. Army.The postwar years were a period of strikes and protests in Nantes.
A strike organised by the city's 17,500 metallurgists during the summer of 1955 to protest salary disparities between and the rest of France deeply impacted the French political scene, and their action was echoed in other cities. Nantes saw other large strikes and demonstrations during the, when marches drew about 20,000 people into the streets. The brought a large wave of to France, and Nantes saw the closure of many factories and the city's shipyards. The 1970s and 1980s were primarily a period of economic stagnation for Nantes.
During the 1980s and 1990s its economy became service-oriented and it experienced economic growth under, the city's mayor from 1989 to 2012. Under Ayrault's administration, Nantes used its quality of life to attract service firms. The city developed a rich cultural life, advertising itself as a creative place near the ocean. Institutions and facilities (such as its airport) were re-branded as 'Nantes Atlantique' to highlight this proximity. Local authorities have commemorated the legacy of the slave trade, promoting dialogue with other cultures. Geography Location.
Nantes as seen by in 2004Nantes is in north-western France, near the and 342 kilometres (213 miles) south-west of., the other major metropolis of western France, is 274 kilometres (170 miles) south. Nantes and Bordeaux share positions at the mouth of an estuary, and Nantes is on the estuary.The city is at a natural crossroads between the ocean in the west, the centre of France (towards ) in the east, in the north and (on the way to Bordeaux) in the south. It is an architectural junction; northern French houses with slate roofs are north of the Loire, and dwellings with low roofs dominate the south bank. The Loire is also the northern limit of grape culture. Land north of Nantes is dominated by and dedicated to and, and the south is renowned for its vineyards and market gardens. The city is near the geographical centre of the, identified in 1945 by Samuel Boggs as near the main railway station (around ). Hydrology.
The Erdre (a tributary of the Loire), with the in the backgroundThe Loire is about 1,000 kilometres (620 miles) long and its estuary, beginning in Nantes, is 60 kilometres (37 miles) in length. The river's bed and banks have changed considerably over a period of centuries. In Nantes the Loire had divided into a number of channels, creating a dozen islands and sand ridges. They facilitated crossing the river, contributing to the city's growth. Most of the islands were protected with during the, and they disappeared in the 1920s and 1930s when the smallest waterways were filled in. The Loire in Nantes now has only two branches, one on either side of the Isle of Nantes.The river is in the city, and tides are observed about 30 kilometres (19 miles) further east. The tidal range can reach 6 metres (20 feet) in Nantes, larger than at the mouth of the estuary.
This is the result of 20th-century dredging to make Nantes accessible by large ships; tides were originally much weaker. Nantes was at the point where the river current and the tides cancelled each other out, resulting in siltation and the formation of the original islands.The city is at the confluence of two tributaries.
The flows into the Loire from its north bank, and the flows into the Loire from its south bank. These two rivers initially provided natural links with the hinterland. When the channels of the Loire were filled, the Erdre was diverted in central Nantes and its confluence with the Loire was moved further east. The Erdre includes Versailles Island, which became a Japanese garden during the 1980s. It was created in the 19th century with fill from construction of the. Elevation and hydrology map of NantesNantes is built on the, a range of weathered mountains which may be considered the backbone of Brittany.
The mountains, stretching from the end of the Breton peninsula to the outskirts of the, are composed of several parallel ridges of and rocks. Nantes is where one of these ridges, the Sillon de Bretagne, meets the Loire. It passes through the western end of the old town, forming a series of cliffs above the quays. The end of the ridge, the Butte Sainte-Anne, is a natural landmark 38 metres (125 feet); its are at an elevation of 15 metres (49 feet).The Sillon de Bretagne is composed of; the rest of the region is a series of low covered with and, with and sediments found in lower areas. Much of the old town and all of the Isle of Nantes consist of backfill. Elevations in Nantes are generally higher in the western neighbourhoods on the Sillon, reaching 52 metres (171 feet) in the north-west.
The flows through a slate fault. Eastern Nantes is flatter, with a few hills reaching 30 metres (98 feet). The city's lowest points, along the Loire, are 2 metres (6 feet 7 inches) above sea level. Climate Nantes has as much of the (: Cfb) influenced by its proximity to the. Produced by cyclonic depressions in the Atlantic dominate, and north and north-west winds are also common. The climatic conditions allow to be typically in this zone with almost no influence of the continent as in, the city has strict variations of temperatures and few freezing days in average annual, in addition to a precipitation higher, but also being able to be described informally as a 'Mediterranean altered' for 1971-2000 normals.
Rainfall and its pattern exemplifies this (winters rainier than other seasons), although it is a relatively high total fall in every month (too high average temperature), but in the future may be closer to a dry summer defined if trends persist. Slight variations in elevation make fog common in valleys, and slopes oriented south and south-west have good.
Winters are usually mild and rainy, with an average temperature of 5 °C (41 °F); snow is rare. Summers are moderately warm, with an average temperature of 18.5 °C (65.3 °F).
Rain is abundant through the year, with an annual average of 820 millimetres (32 inches). The climate in Nantes is suitable for growing a variety of plants, from temperate vegetables to exotic trees and flowers imported during the colonial era.
Nantes' coat of armsLocal authorities began using official symbols in the 14th century, when the provost commissioned a seal on which the Duke of Brittany stood on a boat and protected Nantes with his sword. The present coat of arms was first used in 1514; its symbolise, and its green waves suggest the Loire.Nantes' coat of arms had ducal emblems before the French Revolution: the belt cord of the (founded by ) and the city's. The coronet was replaced by a during the 18th century, and during the revolution a new emblem with a statue of replaced the coat of arms. During Napoleon's rule the coat of arms returned, with bees (a symbol of his ) added to the. The original coat of arms was readopted in 1816, and the and the were added in 1948.Before the revolution, Nantes' motto was ' Oculi omnium in te sperant, Domine' ('The eyes of all wait upon thee, O Lord', a line from a ). It disappeared during the revolution, and the city adopted its current motto—' Favet Neptunus eunti' ('Neptune favours the traveller') —in 1816.
Nantes' flag is derived from the naval flown by Breton vessels before the French Revolution. The flag has a white cross on a black one; its have Breton ermines except for the upper left, which has the city's coat of arms. The black and white crosses are historic symbols of Brittany and France, respectively. Nantes and Brittany.
Detail of the spire of St Nicolas BasilicaNantes has long had ethnic minorities. Spanish, Portuguese and Italian communities were mentioned during the 16th century, and an Irish community appeared a century later. However, immigration has always been lower in Nantes than in other large French cities. The city's foreign population has been stable since 1990, half the average for other French cities of similar size. France does not have ethnic or religious categories in its census, but counts the number of people born in a foreign country. In 2013 this category had 24,949 people in Nantes, or 8.5 percent of the total population. The majority (60.8 percent) were 25 to 54 years old.
Their primary countries of origin were Algeria (13.9 percent), Morocco (11.4 percent) and Tunisia (5.8 percent). Other African countries accounted for 24.9 percent, the European Union 15.6 percent, the rest of Europe 4.8 percent and Turkey 4.3 percent.Nantes is historically a Catholic city, with a, two, about 40 churches and around 20 chapels.
Western France is traditionally religious, and the Catholic influence on Nantes was more persistent than in other large French cities. However, it has waned since the 1970s because of the rise of.
Although Nantes is where was permitted in France through its, Protestants have always formed a small minority. The main Protestant church belongs to the, but the city also has a number of newer and churches. Nantes had a small Jewish community during the Middle Ages, but Jews were expelled from Brittany in 1240 and Judaism only reappeared after the French Revolution. The city has one, built in 1852. The city had several hundred Muslim inhabitants during the 1950s, but (as in the rest of France) their number increased in the second half of the 20th century with the arrival of large numbers of Africans and Turks.
Nantes' first was built in 1976, with three more built in 2010-2012.The city is part of the territory of the, a which stretches across northern France and includes standard French. The local dialect in Nantes is, spoken by some in Upper Brittany. Nantes, as a large city, has been a stronghold of standard French. A local dialect ( parler nantais) is sometimes mentioned by the press, but its existence is dubious and its vocabulary mainly the result of rural emigration.
As a result of 19th-century Lower Breton immigration, was once widely spoken in parts of Nantes. Nantes signed the charter of the in 2013. Since then, the city has supported its six bilingual schools and introduced bilingual signage. Beghin-Say sugar refineryFor centuries, Nantes' economy was linked to the Loire and the Atlantic; the city had France's largest harbour in the 18th century. Food processing predominated during the, with sugar refineries (Beghin-Say), biscuit factories ( and ), canned fish (Saupiquet and Tipiak) and processed vegetables (Bonduelle and Cassegrain); these brands still dominate the French market. The Nantes region is France's largest food producer; the city has recently become a hub of innovation in food security, with laboratories and firms such as.Nantes experienced after port activity in largely ceased, culminating in the 1987 closure of the shipyards.
At that time, the city attempted to attract service firms. Nantes capitalised on its culture and proximity to the sea to present itself as creative and modern. (management consulting), (rail) and opened large offices in the city, followed by smaller companies. Since 2000 Nantes has developed a business district, Euronantes, with 500,000 square metres (5,400,000 square feet) of office space and 10,000 jobs. Although its stock exchange was merged with that of Paris in 1990, Nantes is the third-largest in France after. Of Sainte-Croix ChurchSeveral 15th- and 16th-century houses still stand in Le Bouffay, an ancient area corresponding to Nantes' medieval core which is bordered by and the.
The large, cathedral replaced an earlier church. Its construction took 457 years, from 1434 to 1891. The cathedral's tomb of and his wife is an example of French.
The Psallette, built next to the cathedral about 1500, is a late-Gothic mansion. The Gothic castle is one of Nantes' chief landmarks. Begun in 1207, many of its current buildings date to the 15th century. Although the castle had a military role, it was also a residence for the ducal. Granite towers on the outside hide delicate tuffeau-stone ornaments on its inner facades, designed in style with.
The inspired two churches: the 1655 Oratory Chapel and Sainte-Croix Church, rebuilt in 1670. A municipal belfry clock (originally on a tower of Bouffay Castle, a prison demolished after the ) was added to the church in 1860.
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Place Foch, with its columnAfter the, Nantes developed west of its medieval core along new embankments. Trade-derived wealth permitted the construction of many public monuments during the 18th century, most designed by the architects Jean-Baptiste Ceineray.
They include the Chamber of Accounts of Brittany (now the, 1763–1783); the (1788); Place Foch, with its column and statue of (1790), and the (1790–1815). Place Royale was completed in 1790, and the large fountain added in 1865. Its statues represent the city of Nantes, the Loire and its main tributaries. The city's 18th-century heritage is also reflected in the and other private buildings for the wealthy, such as the Cours Cambronne (inspired by ). Although many of the 18th-century buildings have a neoclassical design, they are adorned with sculpted faces and balconies. This architecture has been called 'Nantais '. The Passage Pommeraye, a shopping mallMost of Nantes' churches were rebuilt during the 19th century, a period of population growth and religious revival after the French Revolution.
Most were rebuilt in, including the city's two basilicas: Saint-Nicolas and Saint-Donatien. The first, built between 1844 and 1869, was one of France's first Gothic Revival projects.
The latter was built between 1881 and 1901, after the (which triggered another Catholic revival in France). Notre-Dame-de-Bon-Port, near the Loire, is an example of 19th-century neoclassicism. Built in 1852, its iconic dome was inspired by that of in. The, built in 1840–1843, is a multi-storey shopping arcade typical of the mid-19th century.Industrial architecture includes several factories converted into leisure and business space, primarily on the. The former factory is known for its Tour Lu, a publicity tower built in 1909. Two cranes in the former harbour, dating to the 1950s and 1960s, have also become landmarks.
Recent architecture is dominated by postwar concrete reconstructions, modernist buildings and examples of contemporary architecture such as the courts of justice, designed by in 2000. Culture Museums. Of in theNantes has several museums. The is the city's largest. Opened in 1900, it has an extensive collection ranging from paintings to contemporary sculpture. The museum includes works by,.
The Historical Museum of Nantes, in the, is dedicated to local history and houses the municipal collections. Items include paintings, sculptures, photographs, maps and furniture displayed to illustrate major points of Nantes history such as the, and the.The, closed for repairs as of 2017, houses the 's archaeological and decorative-arts collections. The building is a mansion facing a 15th-century manor. Collections include a golden reliquary made for 's heart, medieval statues and timber frames, coins, weapons, jewellery, manuscripts and archaeological finds.
The is one of the largest of its kind in. It has more than 1.6 million zoological specimens and several thousand mineral samples.
The, opened in 2007 in the converted shipyards, has automatons, prototypes inspired by deep-sea creatures and a 12-metre-tall (39 ft), walking elephant. With 620,000 visitors in 2015, the Machines were the most-visited non-free site in.
Smaller museums include the (dedicated to the author, who was born in Nantes) and the Planetarium. The HAB Galerie, located in a former banana warehouse on the Loire, is Nantes' largest art gallery. Owned by the city council, it is used for contemporary-art exhibitions. The council manages four other exhibition spaces, and the city has several private galleries. Tram on a grassed trackThe city is linked to Paris by the, which passes through,. Nantes is on the Way of the Estuaries, a network of motorways connecting northern France and the Spanish border in the south-west while bypassing Paris.
The network serves,. South of Nantes, the road corresponds to the; north of the city (towards Rennes) it is the RN137, a free highway. These motorways form a 43-kilometre (27 mi) ring road around the city, France's second-longest after the ring in Bordeaux.Nantes' central railway station is connected by trains to Paris,. The high-speed railway reaches Paris in two hours, ten minutes (compared with four hours by car). With almost 12 million passengers each year, the Nantes station is the sixth-busiest in France outside Paris.
In addition to TGV trains, the city is connected by trains to Rennes, and Bordeaux. Local trains serve,. A river bus and Nantes' iconic yellow cranein, 8 kilometres (5.0 miles) south-east of the city centre, serves about 80 destinations in Europe (primarily in, the and ) and connects airports in, the. Air traffic has increased from 2.6 million passengers in 2009 to 4.1 million in 2014, while its capacity has been estimated at 3.5 million passengers per year. A new in, 20 kilometres (12 miles) north of Nantes, was projected from the 1970s, to create a hub serving north-western France. Its construction was however strongly opposed, primarily by and activists.
The potential construction site was long occupied and the project became a political topic on the national scale. The French government eventually decided to renounce to the project in 2018.Public transport in Nantes is managed by, also known as 'Tan'. One of the world's first transit systems was developed in the city in 1826.
Nantes built its first tram network in 1879, which was electrified in 1911. Like most European tram networks, Nantes' disappeared during the 1950s in the wake of automobiles and buses. However, in 1985 Nantes was the first city in France to reintroduce trams. The city has an extensive public-transport network consisting of trams, buses and river shuttles. The has three lines and a total of 43.5 kilometres (27.0 miles) of track. Semitan counted 132.6 million trips in 2015, of which 72.3 million were by tram., the, has two lines: one on the Erdre and the other on the Loire.
The latter has 520,000 passengers annually and succeeds the Roquio service, which operated on the Loire from 1887 to the 1970s.Nantes is trying to develop a system, which would allow suburban trains to run on tram lines; the system already exists in (in eastern France) and,. The city has two tram-train lines: Nantes- (southern) and Nantes- (northern). Neither is yet connected to the existing tram network, and resemble small suburban trains more than tram-trains. The Bicloo has 880 bicycles at 103 stations. Nantes Public Transportation Statistics The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Nantes & Saint-Nazaire, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 40 min. 7.1% of public transit riders, ride for more than 2 hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 12 min, while 16.8% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day.
The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 5 km, while 2% travel for over 12 km in a single direction.
Histoire De La France
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